Ke hoʻomau nei ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka paka i ke kumu nui o ka maʻi hiki ke pale ʻia a me ka make ma Kanada. Ma 2017, ʻoi aku ma mua o 47,000 mau make ma muli o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka paka ma Kanada, me kahi $6.1 biliona i manaʻo ʻia ma ke kumukūʻai mālama ola kino a me $12.3 biliona i nā kumukūʻai holoʻokoʻa.
Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka pāpaʻi paʻa e ka nui o nā ʻāina a puni ka honua. Mai Iulai 2020, maʻalahiKanakapaʻi pakaua hoʻokō piha ʻia ma ka pae hana a me ka pae kūʻai ma 14 mau ʻāina: Australia(2012); Palani a me United Kingdom (2017); New Zealand, Norewai, a me Ireland (2018); Uruguay, a me Thailand (2019); Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Israel, a me Slovenia (Ianuali 2020); Kanada (Pepeluali 2020); a me Singapore (Iulai 2020). Ma Ianuali 2022, e hoʻokō piha ana ʻo Belgium, Hungary a me Netherlands i ka ʻeke maʻemaʻe.
Hōʻuluʻulu kēia hōʻike i nā hōʻike mai ka International Tobacco Control (ITC) Policy Evaluation Project e pili ana i ka maikaʻi o ka paʻi paʻa ma Kanada. Mai ka makahiki 2002, ua alakaʻi ka ITC Project i nā anamanaʻo longitudinal cohort ma 29 mau ʻāina e loiloi i ka hopena o nā kulekele hoʻomalu paka o ka World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC). Hōʻike kēia hōʻike i nā ʻike e pili ana i ka hopena o ka paʻi paʻa ma Kanada e pili ana i ka ʻikepili i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai ka poʻe puhi paka ma mua (2018) a ma hope o (2020)Kanakapaʻi paka. Hōʻike pū ʻia ka ʻikepili mai Kanada ma ka pōʻaiapili me ka ʻikepili mai 25 mau ʻāina ʻē aʻe o ka ITC Project - me Australia, ʻEnelani, Farani, a me New Zealand, kahi i hoʻokō ʻia ai ka ʻōpala maʻamau.
Ua hoʻemi nui ʻia ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana o ka ʻeke paʻa - 45% o ka poʻe puhi paka i makemake ʻole i ke ʻano o kā lākou ʻeke paka ma hope o ka maʻalahi.Kanaka paʻi pakaua hoʻolauna ʻia, hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 29% ma mua o ke kānāwai Unlik Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia kēia hōʻike e ka ITC Project ma ke Kulanui o Waterloo: Janet Chung-Hall, Pete Driezen, Eunice Ofeibea Indome, Gang Meng, Lorraine Craig, a me Geoffrey T. Fong. Hoʻomaikaʻi mākou i nā manaʻo mai Cynthia Callard, nā Kauka no Kanada ʻaʻole uahi; ʻO Rob Cunningham, Canadian Cancer Society; a me Francis Thompson, HealthBridge ma nā kikoʻī o kēia hōʻike. Ua hoʻolako ʻia ka hoʻolālā kiʻi a me ka hoʻolālā e Sonya Lyon o Sentrik Graphic Solutions Inc. Mahalo iā Brigitte Meloche no ka hoʻolako ʻana i nā lawelawe unuhi Farani; a iāNadia Martin, ITC Project no ka loiloi unuhi a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka unuhi Farani. Hāʻawi ʻia ke kālā no kēia hōʻike e Health Canada's Substance Use and Addictions Program (SUAP) Arrangement #2021-HQ-000058. ʻO nā manaʻo i hōʻike ʻia ma ʻaneʻi ʻaʻole ia e hōʻike i ka manaʻo o Health Canada.
Ua kākoʻo ʻia ka ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey e nā haʻawina mai ka US National Cancer Institute (P01 CA200512), ka Canadian Institutes of Health Research (FDN-148477), a me ka National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (APP 1106451).
Hāʻawi ʻia ka mana hoʻoponopono no ka paka paʻa paʻa (ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo standardized packaging) ma lalo o ka Tobacco and Vaping Products Act (TVPA) 4, i hoʻololi ʻia ma Mei 23, 2018 ma ke ʻano he kumu kānāwai e hōʻemi ai i ke kaumaha nui o ka make a me ka maʻi pili i ka paka ma Kanada. MāmāKanakapaʻi pakaʻO ka manaʻo e hōʻemi i ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana o nā huahana paka a ua hoʻokomo ʻia ma lalo o ka 2019 Tobacco Products Regulations (Plain and Standardized Appearance)5 ma ke ʻano he hoʻokahi o nā kulekele piha e kōkua ai e hōʻea i ka pahuhopu o ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o 5% ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka paka ma 2035 ma lalo o Canada's Tobacco Strategy.
Hoʻopili nā lula i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā huahana paka a pau, e like me nā paka i hana ʻia, ʻōwili i kāu mau huahana ponoʻī (ka paka, nā paipu a me nā pepa ʻōwili i manaʻo ʻia no ka hoʻohana ʻana me ka paka), nā cigars a me nā cigar liʻiliʻi, paipu paka, paka paka ʻole, a me nā huahana paka wela.
4 Ua hoʻomaka ʻia ka hoʻopaʻa paʻa maʻemaʻe no ka paka, nā cigar liʻiliʻi, nā huahana paka i manaʻo ʻia no ka hoʻohana ʻana me nā mea hana, a me nā huahana paka ʻē aʻe a pau ma ka pae hana/mea lawe mai ma Nowemapa 9, 2019, me kahi manawa hoʻololi he 90 lā no nā mea kūʻai paka e hoʻokō a hiki i Pepeluali 7, 2020. 180 mau lā hoʻololi no nā mea kūʻai paka e hoʻokō a hiki i Mei 8, 2021.5, 8
Kanaka paʻi pakaua ʻōlelo ʻia nā lula ʻo ia ka ʻoi loa o ka honua, e hoʻonohonoho ana i nā helu o ka honua (e nānā i ka pahu 1). Pono e loaʻa i nā pūʻolo hua paka a pau ke kala ʻeleʻele maʻamau, ʻaʻohe hiʻohiʻona ʻokoʻa a nani hoʻi, a me ka hōʻike ʻana o nā kikokikona i ʻae ʻia ma kahi kūlana maʻamau, font, kala, a me ka nui. loaʻa kekahi hōʻailona; a ʻo ka hope o ka kānana pono e palahalaha a ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa nā hoʻomaha.Kanaka paʻi pakae hoʻopaʻa ʻia i kahi ʻano paheʻe a me ka pūpū ma ka pae hana/mea lawe mai i ka lā 9 Nowemapa 2021 (hiki i nā mea kūʻai aku a hiki i Pepeluali 7, 2022 e hoʻokō), no laila e pāpā ana i nā ʻeke me ka wehe ʻana i luna. Hōʻike ka Kiʻi 1 i ka paheʻe a me ka ʻeke pūpū me ka maʻalahiKanaka paʻi paka kahi e hōʻike ʻia ai kahi leka ʻike olakino ma ke kua o ka ʻeke o loko ke wehe ʻia ka ʻeke. ʻO Kanada ka ʻāina mua o ka honua e koi aku i ka paheʻe a me ka ʻōpala pūpū A ʻo ia ka mea mua i koi i ka memo olakino.
Kanakapaʻi pakaʻO nā kānāwai ka mea ikaika loa ma ka honua a ʻo ka mea mua i:
• Kāohi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea wehewehe kala ma nā inoa inoa a me nā inoa ʻokoʻa
• Koi i ka pahehe a me ka hoʻopalapala pūpū no ka paka
• Pono ka waihoʻoluʻu ʻeleʻele ma loko o ka ʻeke
• Kāpae i nā paka ka lōʻihi ma mua o 85mm
• Kāpae i nā paka liʻiliʻi ma lalo o 7.65mm ke anawaena
ʻO nā mea mua o ka honua i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e nā lula paʻa paʻa maʻamau o Kanada
ʻAʻole i hoʻokō ʻo Canada i nā ʻōlelo aʻo olakino kiʻi hou a nui aʻe (PHWs) ma nā ʻeke cigakeke ma ka ʻaoʻao o nā hoʻoponopono paʻa paʻa, e like me ke koi ʻia e nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe me Australia, United Kingdom, Farani, a me New Zealand. Eia naʻe,ʻO ka ʻeke paka a KanadaʻO nā ʻōlelo aʻo (75% o ka mua a me hope) ʻo ia ka mea nui loa ma ka honua e pili ana i ka nui o ka ʻili i ka wā e hoʻomaka ai ka paheʻe ʻana a me ke ʻano o ka pūpū ma Nowemapa 2021. Ke hoʻopau nei ʻo Health Canada i nā hoʻolālā e hoʻokō i nā pūʻulu o nā ʻōlelo aʻo olakino hou no nā huahana paka e koi ʻia e hoʻololi ma hope o kahi manawa i ʻōlelo ʻia. hāʻawi i ka ʻikepili no kēia hōʻike.
Hōʻike kēia hōʻike i ka ʻikepili mai ka ITC Canada Smoking and Vaping Survey ma mua a ma hope o ka hoʻokō ʻia ʻana o ka ʻeke maʻemaʻe ma ka pae hale kūʻai ma Pepeluali 7, 2020. ʻO ka ITC Canada Smoking and Vaping Survey, ʻāpana o ka ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey, i hana like ʻia me nā noiʻi cohort ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, Australia, a me ʻEnelani. ʻāina. Ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka noiʻi pūnaewele he 45 mau minuke i nā nīnau e pili ana i ka loiloi ʻana i ka ʻeke paʻa, i hoʻohana ʻia e ka ITC Project no ka loiloi ʻana i ka ʻōpala maʻamau ma Australia, ʻEnelani, New Zealand, a me Farani. Ua mālama ʻia ka ITC Canada Smoking and Vaping Survey ma waena o kahi laʻana o ka ʻāina o 4600 mau kanaka puhi paka i hoʻopau i nā noiʻi i ka makahiki 2018 (ma mua o ka hoʻopili ʻana), 2020 (ma hope o ka hoʻopili paʻa ʻana), a i ʻole i nā makahiki ʻelua. a me nā koi no ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā PHWs (e nānā i ka Papa 1).i Ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻia nā ʻano o ka poʻe pane noiʻi ma Kanada, Australia, a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma ka Papa 2. Hōʻike pū ʻia ka hōʻike i nā hoʻohālikelike ʻāina o nā ʻikepili i koho ʻia i nā ana hopena hopena ma Kanada a hiki i 25 mau ʻāina ITC ʻē aʻe.ii
Hōʻike ʻia nā kikoʻī piha e pili ana i nā ʻano hoʻohālike a me nā ʻano noiʻi ma kēlā me kēia ʻāina i ka ITC ʻEhā Country Smoking and Vaping Survey.
nā hōʻike ʻenehana, loaʻa ma:https://itcproject.org/methods/
Ua paʻi mua ka ITC Project i nā hōʻike e pili ana i ka hopena o ka hōʻailona maʻemaʻe ma New Zealand18 a me ʻEnelani19. E hōʻike ana nā pepa ʻepekema ITC i ka wā e hiki mai ana i nā loiloi ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hopena o ka pāpaʻi paʻa ma Kanada a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe, a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka hopena kulekele ma waena o ka pūʻulu piha o nā ʻāina ITC i hoʻokō maʻalahi.Kanakapaka paka.ʻO nā ʻokoʻa liʻiliʻi ma waena o nā hopena i hōʻike ʻia no Kanada ma nā pepa ʻepekema e hiki mai ana a me nā hopena i hōʻike ʻia ma kēia palapala ma muli o nā ʻokoʻa o nā ʻano hoʻoponopono helu, akā ʻaʻole e hoʻololi i ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa o nā ʻike.ii.
Hiki ke ʻokoʻa iki nā hopena 2020 no Kanada i hōʻike ʻia ma nā helu cross-country mai nā hopena 2020 i nā helu longitudinal i hōʻike ʻia ma kēia hōʻike ma muli o nā ʻokoʻa o nā ʻano hoʻoponopono helu no kēlā me kēia ʻano loiloi.iii
I ka manawa o ka loiloi ʻia ʻana ma hope o ka pāpaʻi paʻa ma Kanada, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā ʻeke maʻemaʻe ma ke kūʻai aku ma ke ʻano flip top, me ka paheʻe a me ke ʻano o ka pūpū i loaʻa no nā helu liʻiliʻi wale nō o nā hōʻailona.
Ua hōʻike mau ʻia nā noiʻi i hana ʻia ma nā ʻāina like ʻole ʻaʻole ʻoluʻolu ka poʻe puhi paka ma mua o nā ʻeke paka.12-16
Ua hōʻike ka ITC Survey i ka piʻi nui ʻana o ka pākēneka o ka poʻe puhi paka Kanaka i ʻike i kā lākou ʻeke paka "ʻaʻole i ʻoluʻolu" ma hope o ka hoʻokō ʻana Kanakapaʻi paka.He ʻokoʻa kēia emi nui o ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana me nā ʻāina hoʻohālikelike ʻelua ʻē aʻe—Australia a me ʻAmelika—kahi i loli ʻole ai ka pakeneka o ka poʻe puhi paka i ʻike i kā lākou ʻeke cigakeke "ʻaʻole maikaʻi loa".
Aia ka piʻi nui o ka pākēneka o ka poʻe puhi paka i ʻōlelo ʻaʻole lākou makemake i ke ʻano o kā lākou ʻeke paka ma hope o ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka paʻi paʻa ma Kanada (mai 29% i 2018 a i 45% i 2020). ʻO ka hoʻopiʻi paʻi ka haʻahaʻa loa ma Australia (kahi i hoʻokō ʻia ai ka ʻōpala maʻamau i hui pū ʻia me nā PHW nui i ka makahiki 2012), me ka ʻoi aku o ʻelua hapakolu o nā mea puhi paka e hōʻike ana ʻaʻole lākou makemake i ke ʻano o kā lākou ʻeke ma 2018 (71%) a me 2020 (69%). ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike, ʻo ka pākēneka o ka poʻe puhi paka i ʻōlelo ʻaʻole lākou makemake i ke ʻano o kā lākou pūʻulu i noho haʻahaʻa ma US (9% i 2018 a me 12% i 2020), kahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai nā ʻōlelo aʻo a ʻaʻole i hoʻokō ʻia (e nānā i ke Kiʻi 3).
Ua kūlike kēia mau hopena me nā ʻike mua o ka ITC Project e hōʻike ana i ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka poʻe puhi paka i makemake ʻole i ke ʻano o kā lākou ʻeke ma hope o ka hoʻokō ʻia ʻana o ka paʻi maʻamau ma Australia (mai 44% i 2012 a i 82% i 2013)17, New Zealand (mai 50% i 2016-17 a i 75% i 8,16% ma ʻEnelani) i 53% ma 2018).19
Hoʻohui pū nā ʻike i kēia manawa i nā hōʻike mai nā haʻawina i paʻi ʻia e hōʻike ana i nā hōʻemi nui o ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana ma hope o ka hoʻokō ʻia ʻana o ka ʻeke piha me nā PHW nui ma Australia20, 21 a me ka hopena maikaʻi oKanakapaʻi pakai ka ho'ēmi 'ana i ka ho'opi'i ho'opi'i ma luna o ka ho'onui 'ana i ka nui o nā PHW ma 'Enelani.22
ʻO kekahi noiʻi hou e loiloi ana i ka hopena o ka pāpaʻi paʻa ma United Kingdom a me Norewai me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā anana ITC i hoʻokumu ʻia e hōʻike hou aku i ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka paʻi maʻemaʻe me nā PHW hou nui e hoʻonui i ka ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo a me ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka mea hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ma ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka pāpaʻi māmā me ka ʻole o nā loli i nā ʻōlelo aʻo olakino. Ma mua o ka hoʻokō ʻia ʻana o ka ʻeke maʻemaʻe, ua like nā ʻōlelo aʻo olakino o nā ʻāina ʻelua ma nā ʻeke cigakeke (43% ʻōlelo aʻo ma mua, 53% PHW ma hope).
Ma hope o ka hoʻokō ʻia ʻana o ka puʻupuʻu maʻemaʻe me nā PHW ʻoi aku ka nui (65% o mua a i hope) ma United Kingdom, ua nui ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻike ʻana, heluhelu ʻana, a me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana o ka poʻe puhi puhi i nā ʻōlelo aʻo, ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā pilikia olakino o ka puhi paka, ka pale ʻana, ka haʻalele ʻana i ka paka, a me ka hiki ke haʻalele ma muli o nā ʻōlelo aʻo.
ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ua emi nui ka nānā ʻana, heluhelu, a me ka nānā pono ʻana i nā ʻōlelo aʻo, noʻonoʻo e pili ana i nā pilikia olakino o ka puhi paka, a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka haʻalele ʻana ma muli o nā ʻōlelo aʻo i waena o ka poʻe puhi paka ma Norewai, kahi i hoʻokō ʻia ai ka ʻōpala maʻemaʻe me ka ʻole o nā loli i nā ʻōlelo aʻo olakino.Kanaka paʻi pakahoʻonui i ka pono o nā ʻōlelo aʻo kiʻi puke nui, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻonui i ka hopena o nā ʻōlelo aʻo kahiko/kiʻi
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Iune-15-2024