ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka paka ke kumu nui o nā maʻi a me ka make hiki ke pale ʻia ma Kanada. I ka makahiki 2017, ʻoi aku ma mua o 47,000 mau make i pili i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka paka ma Kanada, me kahi $6.1 biliona i manaʻo ʻia ma nā kumukūʻai mālama ola kino pololei a me $12.3 biliona ma nā kumukūʻai holoʻokoʻa.1 I Nowemapa 2019, ua hoʻokō ʻia nā lula hoʻopili maʻalahi no nā huahana paka ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o ka Hoʻolālā Paka o Kanada, kahi e manaʻo ai e hoʻokō i kahi pahuhopu o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka paka ma lalo o 5% ma ka makahiki 2035.
Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻōpala maʻemaʻe e ka nui o nā ʻāina ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa. Mai Iulai 2020, uaKanakaʻōpala cigaretteua hoʻokō piha ʻia ma ka pae mea hana a me ke kūʻai aku ma 14 mau ʻāina: ʻAukekulelia (2012); Palani a me United Kingdom (2017); Aotearoa, Norewai, a me ʻIlelani (2018); ʻUruguay, a me Thailand (2019); Saudi Arabia, Tureke, ʻIseraʻela, a me Slovenia (Ianuali 2020); Kanada (Pepeluali 2020); a me Singapore (Iulai 2020). Ma Ianuali 2022, e hoʻokō piha ʻo Pelekiuma, Hungary, a me Netherlands i ka hoʻopili maʻalahi.
Hōʻuluʻulu kēia hōʻike i nā hōʻike mai ka Papahana Loiloi Kulekele o ka International Tobacco Control (ITC) e pili ana i ka pono o ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka paka ma Kanada. Mai ka makahiki 2002, ua hana ka Papahana ITC i nā noiʻi cohort longitudinal ma 29 mau ʻāina e loiloi i ka hopena o nā kulekele kaohi paka koʻikoʻi o ka World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC). Hōʻike kēia hōʻike i nā ʻike e pili ana i ka hopena o ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka paka ma Kanada e pili ana i ka ʻikepili i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai nā mea puhi paka makua ma mua (2018) a ma hope (2020) o ka hoʻolauna ʻana o ka paka maʻamau.Kanakaʻōpala cigaretteHōʻike ʻia nā ʻikepili mai Kanada ma ke ʻano he ʻikepili mai 25 mau ʻāina ʻē aʻe o ka Papahana ITC — me Australia, ʻEnelani, Palani, a me Aotearoa, kahi i hoʻokō ʻia ai ka hoʻopili maʻalahi.
Ua hōʻemi nui ka ʻōpala maʻalahi i ka nani o ka ʻeke - 45% o ka poʻe puhi paka i makemake ʻole i ke ʻano o kā lākou ʻeke cigarette ma hope o ka maʻalahiKanaka ʻōpala cigaretteua hoʻolauna ʻia, hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 29% ma mua o ke kānāwai Unlik Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia kēia hōʻike e ka Papahana ITC ma ke Kulanui o Waterloo: Janet Chung-Hall, Pete Driezen, Eunice Ofeibea Indome, Gang Meng, Lorraine Craig, a me Geoffrey T. Fong. Ke mahalo nei mākou i nā manaʻo mai Cynthia Callard, Kauka no kahi Kanada ʻole Uwahi; Rob Cunningham, Canadian Cancer Society; a me Francis Thompson, HealthBridge ma nā palapala hoʻolālā o kēia hōʻike. Ua hāʻawi ʻia ka hoʻolālā kiʻi a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana e Sonya Lyon o Sentrik Graphic Solutions Inc. Mahalo iā Brigitte Meloche no ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā lawelawe unuhi Farani; a iā Nadia Martin, Papahana ITC no ka loiloi a me ka hoʻoponopono unuhi Farani. Ua hāʻawi ʻia ke kālā no kēia hōʻike e ka Health Canada's Substance Use and Addictions Program (SUAP) Arrangement #2021-HQ-000058. ʻAʻole pono nā manaʻo i hōʻike ʻia ma aneʻi e hōʻike i nā manaʻo o Health Canada.
Ua kākoʻo ʻia ka ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey e nā makana mai ka US National Cancer Institute (P01 CA200512), nā Canadian Institutes of Health Research (FDN-148477), a me ka National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (APP 1106451). Hāʻawi ʻia ke kākoʻo hou iā Geoffrey T. Fong e kahi Senior Investigator Grant mai ka Ontario Institute for Cancer Research.
Ua hāʻawi ʻia ka mana hoʻoponopono no ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka paka maʻemaʻe (i ʻike ʻia hoʻi he hoʻopili maʻamau) ma lalo o ke Tobacco and Vaping Products Act (TVPA)4, kahi i hoʻololi ʻia ma Mei 23, 2018 ma ke ʻano he ʻōnaehana kānāwai e hōʻemi i ke kaumaha nui o ka make a me nā maʻi e pili ana i ka paka ma Kanada.Kanakaʻōpala cigarettemanaʻo e hōʻemi i ka hoihoi o nā huahana paka a ua hoʻolauna ʻia ma lalo o nā 2019 Tobacco Products Regulations (Plain and Standardized Appearance)5 ma ke ʻano he hoʻokahi o nā kulekele piha e kōkua i ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka pahuhopu o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka paka ma lalo o 5% ma 2035 ma lalo o ka Canada's Tobacco Strategy.
Pili nā lula i ka hoʻopili ʻana no nā huahana paka āpau, me nā cigarette i hana ʻia, nā huahana ʻōwili ponoʻī (paka wehe, nā paipu a me nā pepa ʻōwili i manaʻo ʻia no ka hoʻohana ʻana me ka paka), nā cigar a me nā cigar liʻiliʻi, ka paka paipu, ka paka uahi ʻole, a me nā huahana paka i hoʻomehana ʻia. ʻAʻole uhi ʻia nā huahana e-cigarette/vaping ma lalo o kēia mau lula, ʻoiai ʻaʻole lākou i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia he mau huahana paka ma lalo o ka TVPA.
4 Ua hoʻomaka ka hoʻopili maʻalahi no nā cigarette, nā cigar liʻiliʻi, nā huahana paka i manaʻo ʻia no ka hoʻohana ʻana me nā mea hana, a me nā huahana paka ʻē aʻe a pau ma ka pae mea hana/mea lawe mai ma Nowemapa 9, 2019, me kahi manawa hoʻololi 90 lā no nā mea kūʻai aku paka e hoʻokō ai ma Pepeluali 7, 2020. Ua hoʻomaka ka hoʻopili maʻalahi no nā cigars ma ka pae mea hana/mea lawe mai ma Nowemapa 9, 2020, me kahi manawa hoʻololi 180 lā no nā mea kūʻai aku paka e hoʻokō ai ma Mei 8, 2021.5, 8
Kanaka ʻōpala cigaretteUa kapa ʻia nā lula ʻo ia ka mea piha loa ma ka honua, e hoʻonohonoho ana i kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona honua (e nānā i ka Pahu 1). Pono nā ʻeke huahana paka āpau i kahi kala ʻeleʻele maʻamau, me ka ʻole o nā hiʻohiʻona ʻokoʻa a nani hoʻi, a me ka hōʻike ʻana o nā kikokikona i ʻae ʻia ma kahi maʻamau, ka font, ke kala, a me ka nui. ʻAʻole hiki i nā lāʻau cigarette ke ʻoi aku ma mua o nā ana i kuhikuhi ʻia no ka laulā a me ka lōʻihi; loaʻa kekahi hōʻailona; a pono e pālahalaha ka ʻaoʻao hope o ke kānana a ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa nā recesses.Kanaka ʻōpala cigarettee hoʻonohonoho ʻia i kahi ʻano slide a me ka pūpū ma ka pae mea hana/mea lawe mai e like me Nowemapa 9, 2021 (loaʻa i nā mea kūʻai aku a hiki i Pepeluali 7, 2022 e hoʻokō ai), no laila e pāpā ana i nā ʻeke me kahi wehe flip top. Hōʻike ka Kiʻi 1 i ka ʻeke slide a me ka pūpū me ka maʻemaʻeKanaka ʻōpala cigarette kahi e hōʻike ʻia ai kahi leka ʻike olakino ma ke kua o ka ʻōpala o loko i ka wā e wehe ʻia ai ka ʻeke. ʻO Kanada ka ʻāina mua ma ka honua e koi ana i ka ʻōpala slide a me ka pūpū A ʻo ia ka mea mua i koi i ka leka olakino o loko.
Kanakaʻōpala cigaretteʻO nā lula ka mea ikaika loa ma ka honua a ʻo ka mea mua e:
• Pāpā i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea wehewehe kala ma nā inoa inoa a me nā ʻano like ʻole
• Pono i kahi ʻano hoʻopili paheʻe a me ka pūpū no nā cigarettes
• Pono ke kala ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele ma loko o ka ʻōpala
• Pāpā i nā cigarette ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi ma mua o 85mm
• Pāpā i nā cigarette lahilahi ma lalo o 7.65mm ke anawaena
Nā hiʻohiʻona honua i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā lula hoʻopili maʻemaʻe o Kanada
ʻAʻole i hoʻokō ʻo Kanada i nā ʻōlelo aʻo olakino kiʻi hou a nui aʻe (PHWs) ma nā ʻeke cigarette me nā lula hoʻopili maʻalahi, e like me ke koi ʻia e nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe e like me Australia, United Kingdom, Farani, a me New Zealand. Eia nō naʻe,ʻEke cigarette o Kanadaʻo nā ʻōlelo aʻo (75% o ke alo a me ke kua) ʻo ia ka mea nui loa ma ka honua ma ke ʻano o ka ʻili holoʻokoʻa ke hoʻomaka ka hoʻokō ʻana o ke ʻano slide a me ka pūpū i Nowemapa 2021. Ke hoʻopau nei ʻo Health Canada i nā hoʻolālā e hoʻokō i kekahi mau hoʻonohonoho o nā ʻōlelo aʻo olakino hou no nā huahana paka e pono ai ke hoʻohuli ma hope o kahi manawa i kuhikuhi ʻia.9 Hōʻike ka Kiʻi 2 i ka papa manawa no ka hoʻopili maʻalahi ma Kanada e pili ana i ka ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Surveys, nāna e hāʻawi i ka ʻikepili no kēia hōʻike.
Hōʻike kēia hōʻike i ka ʻikepili mai ka ITC Canada Smoking and Vaping Survey ma mua a ma hope o ka hoʻokō piha ʻia ʻana o ka hoʻopili maʻalahi ma ka pae kūʻai ma Pepeluali 7, 2020. ʻO ka ITC Canada Smoking and Vaping Survey, kahi ʻāpana o ka ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey nui aʻe, i mālama ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao like me nā anamanaʻo cohort ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, Australia, a me ʻEnelani, he anamanaʻo cohort i mālama ʻia ma waena o nā mea puhi paka makua a me nā vapers i hoʻolimalima ʻia mai nā panela pūnaewele aupuni ma kēlā me kēia ʻāina. Ua komo pū ka anamanaʻo pūnaewele 45-minuke i nā nīnau e pili ana i ka loiloi ʻana o ka hoʻopili maʻalahi, i hoʻohana ʻia e ka ITC Project e loiloi i ka hoʻopili maʻalahi ma Australia, ʻEnelani, Aotearoa, a me Palani. Ua mālama ʻia ka ITC Canada Smoking and Vaping Survey ma waena o kahi laʻana i koho ʻia ma ka ʻāina o 4600 mau mea puhi paka makua i hoʻopau i nā anamanaʻo ma 2018 (ma mua o ka hoʻopili maʻalahi), 2020 (ma hope o ka hoʻopili maʻalahi), a i ʻole ma nā makahiki ʻelua. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā ʻikepili lōʻihi mai Kanada me nā ʻikepili mai ʻelua mau ʻāina ITC ʻē aʻe (ʻAukekulelia a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa) kahi i mālama ʻia ai nā anamanaʻo like i ka manawa like, a ʻokoʻa i ke kūlana o kā lākou mau kānāwai hoʻopili paka a me nā koi no nā loli i nā PHW (e nānā i ka Papa 1).i Ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻia nā ʻano o nā mea pane anamanaʻo ma Kanada, Australia, a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma ka Papa 2. Hōʻike pū ka hōʻike i nā hoʻohālikelike ʻāina like ʻole o ka ʻikepili ma nā ana hopena hopena kulekele i koho ʻia ma Kanada a hiki i 25 mau ʻāina ITC ʻē aʻe.ii
Hōʻike ʻia nā kikoʻī piha e pili ana i nā ʻano laʻana a me nā ʻano anamanaʻo ma kēlā me kēia ʻāina ma ka ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey
nā hōʻike loea, loaʻa ma:https://itcproject.org/methods/
Ua paʻi mua ka Papahana ITC i nā hōʻike e pili ana i ka hopena o ka hoʻopili maʻalahi ma Aotearoa18 a me ʻEnelani19. E hōʻike nā pepa ʻepekema ITC e hiki mai ana i nā loiloi ākea o ka hopena o ka hoʻopili maʻalahi ma Kanada a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe, a me nā hoʻohālikelike o ka hopena kulekele ma waena o nā ʻāina ITC i hoʻokō i ka maʻalahi.Kanakaʻōpala cigarette.ʻO nā ʻokoʻa iki ma waena o nā hopena i hōʻike ʻia no Kanada ma nā pepa ʻepekema e hiki mai ana a me nā hopena i hōʻike ʻia ma kēia palapala ma muli o nā ʻokoʻa o nā ʻano hoʻoponopono helu, akā ʻaʻole ia e hoʻololi i ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa o nā ʻike.ii.
ʻOkoʻa iki paha nā hopena 2020 no Kanada i hōʻike ʻia ma nā helu cross-country mai nā hopena 2020 ma nā helu longitudinal i hōʻike ʻia ma kēia hōʻike ma muli o nā ʻokoʻa o nā ʻano hoʻoponopono helu no kēlā me kēia ʻano loiloi.iii
I ka manawa o ka loiloi ʻana o ka ʻōpala ma hope o ke ʻano maʻalahi ma Kanada, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā ʻeke maʻalahi ma ke kūʻai kūʻai aku ma ke ʻano flip top, me ke ʻano slide a me ka pūpū i loaʻa no kahi helu palena wale nō o nā lama. ʻO kekahi o nā pahuhopu nui o ka ʻōpala maʻalahi, ʻo ia ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka nani a me ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana o nā huahana paka.
Ua hōʻike mau ʻia nā noiʻi i mālama ʻia ma nā ʻāina like ʻole ʻaʻole i hoihoi nui nā ʻeke cigarette maʻamau i nā mea puhi paka ma mua o nā ʻeke branded.12-16
Ua hōʻike ka ITC Survey ua piʻi nui ka pakeneka o ka poʻe puhi paka Kanada i ʻike i kā lākou ʻeke cigarette "ʻaʻole hoihoi iki" ma hope o ka hoʻokō ʻia ʻana o Kanakaʻōpala cigarette.ʻO kēia emi nui ʻana o ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana, ua ʻokoʻa ia me nā ʻāina hoʻohālikelike ʻelua ʻē aʻe—ʻo Australia a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa—kahi i ʻike ʻole ʻia ai ka loli o ka pakeneka o ka poʻe puhi paka i ʻike ʻaʻole "nani iki" kā lākou ʻeke cigarette.
Ua piʻi nui ka pakeneka o ka poʻe puhi paka i ʻōlelo ʻaʻole lākou makemake i ke ʻano o kā lākou ʻeke cigarette ma hope o ka hoʻokō ʻia ʻana o ka ʻōpala maʻalahi ma Kanada (mai 29% i ka makahiki 2018 a i 45% i ka makahiki 2020). ʻO ka hoihoi i nā ʻeke ka mea haʻahaʻa loa ma Australia (kahi i hoʻokō ʻia ai ka ʻōpala maʻalahi me nā PHW nui aʻe i ka makahiki 2012), me ka ʻoi aku o ʻelua hapakolu o ka poʻe puhi paka e hōʻike ana ʻaʻole lākou makemake i ke ʻano o kā lākou ʻeke i ka makahiki 2018 (71%) a me 2020 (69%). I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ua noho haʻahaʻa ka pakeneka o ka poʻe puhi paka i ʻōlelo ʻaʻole lākou makemake i ke ʻano o kā lākou ʻeke ma US (9% i ka makahiki 2018 a me 12% i ka makahiki 2020), kahi i hoʻokō ʻia ai nā ʻōlelo aʻo ma ke kikokikona wale nō a ʻaʻole i hoʻokō ʻia ka ʻōpala maʻalahi (e nānā i ke Kiʻi 3).
Ua kūlike kēia mau hopena me nā ʻike o ka Papahana ITC ma mua e hōʻike ana i ka piʻi ʻana o ka hapa o ka poʻe puhi paka i makemake ʻole i ke ʻano o kā lākou ʻeke ma hope o ka hoʻokō ʻia ʻana o ka ʻōpala maʻemaʻe ma Australia (mai 44% i ka makahiki 2012 a i 82% i ka makahiki 2013)17, Aotearoa (mai 50% i ka makahiki 2016-17 a i 75% i ka makahiki 2018)18, a me ʻEnelani (mai 16% i ka makahiki 2016 a i 53% i ka makahiki 2018).19
Hoʻohui pū nā ʻike o kēia manawa i nā hōʻike mai nā haʻawina i paʻi ʻia e hōʻike ana i nā hōʻemi koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana o nā ʻeke ma hope o ka hoʻokō ʻana o ka ʻōpala maʻamau me nā PHW nui aʻe ma Australia20, 21 a me ka hopena maikaʻi oKanakaʻōpala cigarettema ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka hoihoi o ka pūʻulu ma luna aʻe o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o nā PHW ma ʻEnelani.22
ʻO kekahi noiʻi hou e loiloi ana i ka hopena o ka hoʻopili maʻalahi ma United Kingdom a me Norewai me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ana noiʻi ITC i hoʻokumu ʻia e hāʻawi ana i nā hōʻike hou aʻe e hoʻonui ana ka hoʻokō ʻana o ka hoʻopili maʻalahi me nā PHW nui hou i ka ʻike a me ka pono ma mua o ka mea hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ma ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka hoʻopili maʻalahi me ka ʻole o nā hoʻololi i nā ʻōlelo aʻo olakino. Ma mua o ka hoʻokō ʻana o ka hoʻopili maʻalahi, ua like nā ʻōlelo aʻo olakino o nā ʻāina ʻelua ma nā ʻeke cigarette (43% ʻōlelo aʻo kikokikona ma ke alo, 53% PHW ma ke kua).
Ma hope o ka hoʻokō ʻia ʻana o ka hoʻopili maʻalahi me nā PHW nui hou (65% o ke alo a me ke kua) ma United Kingdom, ua nui ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻike ʻana, ka heluhelu ʻana, a me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana o ka poʻe puhi paka i nā ʻōlelo aʻo, ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā pilikia olakino o ka puhi paka, nā hana pale ʻana, ka haʻalele ʻana i nā cigarette, a me ka ʻoi aku ka nui o ka haʻalele ʻana ma muli o nā ʻōlelo aʻo.
I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ua emi nui ka ʻike ʻana, ka heluhelu ʻana, a me ka nānā pono ʻana i nā ʻōlelo aʻo, e noʻonoʻo ana i nā pilikia olakino o ka puhipaka, a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka haʻalele ʻana ma muli o nā ʻōlelo aʻo i waena o ka poʻe puhipaka ma Norewai, kahi i hoʻokō ʻia ai ka hoʻopili maʻalahi me ka ʻole o nā loli i nā ʻōlelo aʻo olakino.23 ʻO ke ʻano like ʻole o nā hopena i ʻike ʻia ma United Kingdom i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me Norewai e hōʻike ana i kēlāKanaka ʻōpala cigarettehoʻonui i ka pono o nā ʻōlelo aʻo kiʻi nui, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻonui i ka hopena o nā ʻōlelo aʻo kikokikona/kiʻi kahiko
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Iune-15-2024