Ke hoʻomau nei ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka paka i ke kumu nui o ka maʻi hiki ke pale ʻia a me ka make ma Kanada. I ka makahiki 2017, ʻoi aku ma mua o 47,000 mau make i pili i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka paka ma Kanada, me kahi $6.1 biliona i manaʻo ʻia i nā kumukūʻai mālama ola kino a me $12.3 biliona i nā kumukūʻai holoʻokoʻa. o Canada's Tobacco Strategy, ka mea e manaʻo nei e hoʻokō i kahi pahuhopu ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o 5% ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka paka ma 2035.
Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka pāpaʻi paʻa e ka nui o nā ʻāina a puni ka honua. Mai Iulai 2020, maʻalahiKanakapaʻi pakaua hoʻokō piha ʻia ma ka pae hana a me ka pae kūʻai ma 14 mau ʻāina: Australia(2012); Palani a me United Kingdom (2017); New Zealand, Norewai, a me Ireland (2018); Uruguay, a me Thailand (2019); Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Israel, a me Slovenia (Ianuali 2020); Kanada (Pepeluali 2020); a me Singapore (Iulai 2020). Ma Ianuali 2022, e hoʻokō piha ana ʻo Belgium, Hungary a me Netherlands i ka ʻeke maʻemaʻe.
Hōʻuluʻulu kēia hōʻike i nā hōʻike mai ka International Tobacco Control (ITC) Policy Evaluation Project e pili ana i ka maikaʻi o ka paʻi paʻa ma Kanada. Mai ka makahiki 2002, ua alakaʻi ka ITC Project i nā anamanaʻo longitudinal cohort ma 29 mau ʻāina e loiloi i ka hopena o nā kulekele hoʻomalu paka o ka World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC). Hōʻike kēia hōʻike i nā ʻike e pili ana i ka hopena o ka paʻi paʻa ma Kanada e pili ana i ka ʻikepili i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai ka poʻe puhi paka ma mua (2018) a ma hope o (2020)Kanakapaʻi paka. Hōʻike pū ʻia ka ʻikepili mai Kanada ma ka pōʻaiapili me ka ʻikepili mai 25 mau ʻāina ʻē aʻe o ka ITC Project - me Australia, ʻEnelani, Farani, a me New Zealand, kahi i hoʻokō ʻia ai ka ʻōpala maʻamau.
Ua hoʻemi nui ʻia ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana o ka ʻeke paʻa - 45% o ka poʻe puhi paka i makemake ʻole i ke ʻano o kā lākou ʻeke paka ma hope o ka maʻalahi.Kanaka paʻi pakaua hoʻolauna ʻia, hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 29% ma mua o ke kānāwai Unlik Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia kēia hōʻike e ka ITC Project ma ke Kulanui o Waterloo: Janet Chung-Hall, Pete Driezen, Eunice Ofeibea Indome, Gang Meng, Lorraine Craig, a me Geoffrey T. Fong. Hoʻomaikaʻi mākou i nā manaʻo mai Cynthia Callard, nā Kauka no Kanada ʻaʻole uahi; ʻO Rob Cunningham, ʻAhahui Maʻi maʻi Kanada; a me Francis Thompson, HealthBridge ma nā kikoʻī o kēia hōʻike. Ua hoʻolako ʻia ka hoʻolālā kiʻi a me ka hoʻolālā e Sonya Lyon o Sentrik Graphic Solutions Inc. Mahalo iā Brigitte Meloche no ka hoʻolako ʻana i nā lawelawe unuhi Farani; a iāNadia Martin, ITC Project no ka loiloi unuhi a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka unuhi Farani. Hāʻawi ʻia ke kālā no kēia hōʻike e Health Canada's Substance Use and Addictions Program (SUAP) Arrangement #2021-HQ-000058. ʻO nā manaʻo i hōʻike ʻia ma ʻaneʻi ʻaʻole ia e hōʻike i ka manaʻo o Health Canada.
Ua kākoʻo ʻia ka ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey e nā haʻawina mai ka US National Cancer Institute (P01 CA200512), ka Canadian Institutes of Health Research (FDN-148477), a me ka National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (APP 1106451). Hāʻawi ʻia ke kākoʻo hou aku iā Geoffrey T. Fong e kahi Senior Investigator Grant mai ka Ontario Institute for Cancer Research.
Hāʻawi ʻia ka mana hoʻoponopono no ka paka paʻa paʻa (ʻike ʻia ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo standardized packaging) ma lalo o ke Tobacco and Vaping Products Act (TVPA) 4, i hoʻololi ʻia ma Mei 23, 2018 ma ke ʻano he kumu kānāwai e hōʻemi i ke kaumaha nui o ka make pili i ka paka. a me ka maʻi ma Kanada. MāmāKanakapaʻi pakaʻO ka manaʻo e hōʻemi i ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana o nā huahana paka a ua hoʻokomo ʻia ma lalo o ka 2019 Tobacco Products Regulations (Plain and Standardized Appearance)5 ma ke ʻano he hoʻokahi o nā kulekele ākea e kōkua i ka hōʻea ʻana i ka pahuhopu o ka liʻiliʻi o 5% ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka paka ma 2035 ma lalo o Canada's Tobacco Strategy .
Pili nā lula i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā huahana paka a pau, e like me nā paka i hana ʻia, e ʻōwili i kāu mau huahana ponoʻī (ka paka, nā paipu a me nā pepa ʻōwili i manaʻo ʻia no ka hoʻohana ʻana me ka paka), nā cigars a me nā cigar liʻiliʻi, paipu paka, paka paka ʻole, a me nā huahana paka wela. -ʻaʻole i uhi ʻia nā huahana paka/vaping ma lalo o kēia mau lula, no ka mea ʻaʻole i helu ʻia nā huahana paka ma lalo o ka TVPA.
4 Ua hoʻokō ʻia ka ʻeke maʻemaʻe no nā paka, nā cigar liʻiliʻi, nā huahana paka i manaʻo ʻia no ka hoʻohana ʻana me nā mea hana, a me nā huahana paka ʻē aʻe a pau ma ka pae o ka mea hana/mea lawe mai ma Nowemapa 9, 2019, me kahi manawa hoʻololi he 90 lā no nā mea kūʻai paka e hoʻokō ai. ʻO Pepeluali 7, 2020. Ua hoʻomaka ʻia ka hoʻopili paʻa no nā cigar ma ka pae mea hana/mea lawe mai ma Nowemapa 9, 2020, me kahi manawa hoʻololi he 180 mau lā no nā mea kūʻai paka e hoʻokō e Mei 8, 2021.5, 8
Kanaka paʻi pakaua ʻōlelo ʻia nā lula ʻo ia ka ʻoi loa o ka honua, e hoʻonohonoho ana i nā helu o ka honua (e nānā i ka pahu 1). Pono e loaʻa i nā pūʻolo hua paka a pau ke kala ʻeleʻele maʻamau, ʻaʻohe hiʻohiʻona ʻokoʻa a nani hoʻi, a me ka hōʻike ʻana o nā kikokikona i ʻae ʻia ma kahi kūlana maʻamau, font, kala, a me ka nui. loaʻa i kahi hōʻailona; a ʻo ka hope o ka kānana pono e palahalaha a ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa nā hoʻomaha.Kanaka paʻi pakae hoʻopaʻa ʻia i kahi ʻano paheʻe a me ka pūpū ma ka pae hana/mea lawe mai i ka lā 9 Nowemapa 2021 (hiki i nā mea kūʻai aku a hiki i Pepeluali 7, 2022 e hoʻokō), no laila e pāpā ana i nā ʻeke me ka wehe ʻana i luna. Hōʻike ka Kiʻi 1 i ka paheʻe a me ka ʻeke pūpū me ka maʻalahiKanaka paʻi paka kahi e hōʻike ʻia ai kahi leka ʻike olakino ma ke kua o ka ʻeke o loko ke wehe ʻia ka ʻeke. ʻO Kanada ka ʻāina mua o ka honua e koi aku i ka paheʻe a me ka ʻōpala pūpū A ʻo ia ka mea mua i koi i ka memo olakino.
Kanakapaʻi pakaʻO nā kānāwai ka mea ikaika loa ma ka honua a ʻo ka mea mua i:
• Kāohi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea wehewehe kala ma nā inoa inoa a me nā inoa ʻokoʻa
• Koi i ka pahehe a me ka hoʻopalapala pūpū no ka paka
• Pono ka waihoʻoluʻu ʻeleʻele ma loko o ka ʻeke
• Kāpae i nā paka ka lōʻihi ma mua o 85mm
• Kāpae i nā paka liʻiliʻi ma lalo o 7.65mm ke anawaena
ʻO nā mea mua o ka honua i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e nā lula paʻa paʻa maʻamau o Kanada
ʻAʻole i hoʻokō ʻo Canada i nā ʻōlelo aʻo olakino kiʻi hou a nui aʻe (PHWs) ma nā ʻeke cigakeke ma ka ʻaoʻao o nā hoʻoponopono paʻa paʻa, e like me ke koi ʻia e nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe me Australia, United Kingdom, Farani, a me New Zealand. Eia naʻe,ʻO ka ʻeke paka a KanadaʻO nā ʻōlelo aʻo (75% o ka mua a me hope) ʻo ia ka mea nui loa ma ka honua e pili ana i ka nui o ka ʻili i ka wā e hoʻomaka ai ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana a me ke ʻano o ka pūpū ma Nowemapa 2021. Ke hoʻopau nei ʻo Health Canada i nā hoʻolālā e hoʻokō i nā pūʻulu o nā ʻōlelo aʻo olakino hou. no nā huahana paka e koi ʻia e hoʻololi ma hope o ka manawa i ʻōlelo ʻia.9 Hōʻike ka Figure 2 i ka palena manawa i ka ʻeke maʻemaʻe ma Kanada e pili ana i ka ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Surveys, nāna e hāʻawi i ka ʻikepili no kēia hōʻike.
Hōʻike kēia hōʻike i ka ʻikepili mai ka ITC Canada Smoking and Vaping Survey ma mua a ma hope o ka hoʻokō ʻia ʻana o ka pahu maʻemaʻe ma ka pae hale kūʻai ma Pepeluali 7, 2020. ʻO ka ITC Canada Smoking and Vaping Survey, ʻāpana o ka ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey, i hana like pū ʻia me nā noiʻi cohort ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, Australia, a me ʻEnelani, kahi noiʻi cohort i mālama ʻia ma waena o nā poʻe puhi paka a me nā vapers i kiʻi ʻia mai nā panela pūnaewele aupuni ma kēlā me kēia ʻāina. Ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka noiʻi pūnaewele he 45 mau minuke i nā nīnau e pili ana i ka loiloi ʻana i ka ʻeke paʻa, i hoʻohana ʻia e ka ITC Project no ka loiloi ʻana i ka ʻōpala maʻamau ma Australia, ʻEnelani, New Zealand, a me Farani. Ua alakaʻi ʻia ka ITC Canada Smoking and Vaping Survey ma waena o kahi laʻana o ka ʻāina o 4600 mau mea puhi paka makua nāna i hoʻopau i nā noiʻi ma 2018 (ma mua o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana), 2020 (ma hope o ka hoʻopiha piha ʻana), a i ʻole i nā makahiki ʻelua. ʻO nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe ITC (Australia a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa) kahi i hana ʻia ai nā noiʻi like ʻana i ka manawa like, a he ʻano like ʻole ke kūlana o kā lākou mau kānāwai hoʻopaʻa paka a me nā koi no nā loli i nā PHWs (e nānā i ka Papa 1).i Nā ʻano o nā mea pane noiʻi ma Ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻia ʻo Canada, Australia, a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma ka Papa 2. Hōʻike pū ka hōʻike i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā ʻāina āpau o ka ʻikepili i nā ana hopena hopena i koho ʻia ma Kanada a hiki i 25 mau ʻāina ITC ʻē aʻe.ii
Hōʻike ʻia nā kikoʻī piha e pili ana i nā ʻano hoʻohālike a me nā ʻano noiʻi ma kēlā me kēia ʻāina i ka ITC ʻEhā Country Smoking and Vaping Survey.
nā hōʻike loea, loaʻa ma:https://itcproject.org/methods/
Ua paʻi mua ka ITC Project i nā hōʻike e pili ana i ka hopena o ka hōʻailona maʻemaʻe ma New Zealand18 a me ʻEnelani19. E hōʻike ana nā pepa ʻepekema ITC i ka wā e hiki mai ana i nā loiloi ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hopena o ka pāpaʻi paʻa ma Kanada a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe, a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka hopena kulekele ma waena o ka pūʻulu piha o nā ʻāina ITC i hoʻokō maʻalahi.Kanakapaʻi paka.ʻO nā ʻokoʻa liʻiliʻi ma waena o nā hopena i hōʻike ʻia no Kanada ma nā pepa ʻepekema e hiki mai ana a me nā hopena i hōʻike ʻia ma kēia palapala ma muli o nā ʻokoʻa o nā ʻano hoʻoponopono helu, akā ʻaʻole e hoʻololi i ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa o nā ʻike.ii.
Hiki ke ʻokoʻa iki nā hopena 2020 no Kanada i hōʻike ʻia ma nā helu cross-country mai nā hopena 2020 i nā helu longitudinal i hōʻike ʻia ma kēia hōʻike ma muli o nā ʻokoʻa o nā ʻano hoʻoponopono helu no kēlā me kēia ʻano loiloi.iii
I ka manawa o ka loiloi ʻia ʻana ma hope o ka pāpaʻi paʻa ma Kanada, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā ʻeke maʻemaʻe ma ke kūʻai ʻana ma ke ʻano flip top, me ka paheʻe a me ka ʻili i loaʻa no nā helu liʻiliʻi wale nō o nā hōʻailona. a hoʻopiʻi i nā huahana paka.
Ua hōʻike mau ʻia nā noiʻi i hana ʻia ma nā ʻāina like ʻole ʻaʻole ʻoluʻolu ka poʻe puhi paka ma mua o nā ʻeke paka.12-16
Ua hōʻike ka ITC Survey i ka piʻi nui ʻana o ka pākēneka o ka poʻe puhi paka Kanaka i ʻike i kā lākou ʻeke paka "ʻaʻole i ʻoluʻolu" ma hope o ka hoʻokō ʻana Kanakapaʻi paka.He ʻokoʻa kēia emi nui o ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana me nā ʻāina hoʻohālikelike ʻelua ʻē aʻe—Australia a me ʻAmelika—kahi i loli ʻole ai ka pakeneka o ka poʻe puhi paka i ʻike i kā lākou ʻeke cigakeke "ʻaʻole maikaʻi loa".
Aia ka piʻi nui o ka pākēneka o ka poʻe puhi paka i ʻōlelo ʻaʻole lākou makemake i ke ʻano o kā lākou ʻeke paka ma hope o ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka paʻi paʻa ma Kanada (mai 29% i 2018 a i 45% i 2020). ʻO ka hoʻopiʻi paʻi ka mea haʻahaʻa loa ma Australia (kahi i hoʻokō ʻia ai ka pāpaʻi maʻamau i hui pū ʻia me nā PHW nui ma 2012), me ka ʻoi aku o ʻelua hapakolu o nā mea puhi puhi e hōʻike ana ʻaʻole lākou makemake i ke ʻano o kā lākou ʻeke ma 2018 (71%) a me 2020 (69%). ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike, ʻo ka pākēneka o nā mea puhi puhi i ʻōlelo ʻaʻole lākou makemake i ke ʻano o kā lākou ʻeke i noho haʻahaʻa ma US (9% i 2018 a me 12% i 2020), kahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo a ʻaʻole i hoʻokō ʻia nā ʻōkuhi maʻalahi ( e nānā i ke kiʻi 3).
Ua kūlike kēia mau hopena me nā ʻike mua o ka ITC Project e hōʻike ana i ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka poʻe puhi paka i makemake ʻole i ke ʻano o kā lākou ʻeke ma hope o ka hoʻokō ʻia ʻana o ka paʻi maʻamau ma Australia (mai 44% i 2012 a i 82% i 2013)17, New Zealand ( mai 50% i 2016-17 a i 75% i 2018)18, a me ʻEnelani (mai 16% i 2016 a i 53% i 2018).19
Hoʻohui pū nā ʻike i kēia manawa i nā hōʻike mai nā haʻawina i paʻi ʻia e hōʻike ana i nā hōʻemi nui o ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana ma hope o ka hoʻokō ʻia ʻana o ka ʻeke piha me nā PHW nui ma Australia20, 21 a me ka hopena maikaʻi oKanakapaʻi pakai ka ho'ēmi 'ana i ka ho'opi'i ho'opi'i ma luna o ka ho'onui 'ana i ka nui o nā PHW ma 'Enelani.22
ʻO kekahi noiʻi hou e loiloi ana i ka hopena o ka paʻi paʻa ma United Kingdom a me Norewai me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ana noiʻi ITC i hoʻokumu ʻia e hāʻawi i nā hōʻike hou aʻe e hōʻike hou ana ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka ʻeke maʻemaʻe me nā PHW hou nui e hoʻonui ai i ka ʻōlelo aʻo a me ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka mea e hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ma ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka pāpaʻi maʻemaʻe me ka ʻole o nā loli. i nā ʻōlelo aʻo olakino. Ma mua o ka hoʻokō ʻia ʻana o ka ʻeke maʻemaʻe, ua like nā ʻōlelo aʻo olakino o nā ʻāina ʻelua ma nā ʻeke cigakeke (43% ʻōlelo aʻo ma mua, 53% PHW ma hope).
Ma hope o ka hoʻokō ʻia ʻana o ka puʻupuʻu maʻemaʻe me nā PHW nui aʻe (65% o mua a i hope) ma United Kingdom, ua piʻi nui ka ʻike ʻana, heluhelu a me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana o ka poʻe puhi puhi i nā ʻōlelo aʻo, e noʻonoʻo ana i nā pilikia olakino o ka puhi paka. nā hana pale, haʻalele i ka paka, a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka haʻalele ʻana ma muli o nā ʻōlelo aʻo.
I ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, ua emi nui ka nānā ʻana, ka heluhelu ʻana, a me ka nānā pono ʻana i nā ʻōlelo aʻo, ka noʻonoʻo ʻana e pili ana i nā pilikia olakino o ka puhi paka, a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka haʻalele ʻana ma muli o nā ʻōlelo aʻo i waena o nā mea puhi paka ma Norewai, kahi i hoʻokō ʻia ai ka ʻōpala maʻamau me ka ʻole o nā loli. i nā ʻōlelo aʻo olakino.23 ʻO ke ʻano like ʻole o nā hopena i ʻike ʻia ma United Kingdom i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me Norewai e hōʻike ana i kēlāKanaka paʻi pakahoʻonui i ka pono o nā ʻōlelo aʻo kiʻi puke nui, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻonui i ka hopena o nā ʻōlelo aʻo kahiko/kiʻi
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Iune-15-2024